Neonatology is a subspeciality of Paediatrics devoted to the care, development, and diseases of newborn infants especially ill or premature newborns who require special medical care due to a range of conditions including:

• Prematurity
• Low birth weight
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Congenital malformations (birth defects)
• Sepsis
• Pulmonary hyperplasia
• Birth asphyxias

This care often extends to providing support to the families of such patients. It is a hospital-based speciality (remove comma) and is usually practised (practiced change to practised) in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).